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The Pima 〔Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh〕 (or Akimel O'odham, also spelled Akimel O'otham, "River People", formerly known as ''Pima'') are a group of Indigenous Americans living in an area consisting of what is now central and southern Arizona. Currently the majority population of the surviving two bands of the Akimel O'odham is based in two reservations: the ''Keli Akimel O'otham'' on the Gila River Indian Community (GRIC) and the ''On'k Akimel O'odham'' on the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community (SRPMIC). They are also closely related to other river people, the Ak-Chin O'odham, now forming the Ak-Chin Indian Community, and the Sobaipuri, whose descendants still reside on the San Xavier Indian Reservation or Wa:k (together with the Tohono O'odham) and in the Salt River Indian Community. Together with the kindred Tohono O'odham ("Desert People", formerly known as ''Papagos'') of Eastern Papagueria and the Hia C-ed O'odham ("Sand Dune People", formerly known as ''Sand Papagos'') of the Western Papagueria they form the Upper O'otham or Upper Pima (also known as ''Pima Alto''). The short name, "Pima" is believed to have come from the phrase ''pi 'añi mac'' or ''pi mac'', meaning "I don't know," used repeatedly in their initial meetings with Europeans.〔〔Awawtam. "Pima Stories of the Beginning of the World." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 7th ed. Vol. A. New York: W. W. Norton &, 2007. 22-31. Print.〕 ==History prior to 1688== The Pima Indians first called themselves Othama until the first account of interaction with non-Native Americans was recorded. Spanish missionaries referred to Pima villages of Kina, Equituni and Uturituc. Americans later corrupted the miscommunication into Pimos, which was adapted to Pima river people. The Akimel O'otham people still respectfully call their villages District #1-Oos kehk (Blackwater), District #2-Hashan Kehk (Saguaro Stand), District #3-Gu U Ki (Sacaton), District #4-Santan, District #5-Vahki (Casa Blanca), District #6-Komatke (Sierra Estrella Mountains), and District #7-Maricopa Colony.〔( About Tribe: Districts ) from gilariver.org accessed December 28, 2013〕 The Akimel O'Otham (anthropologically known as the Pima) are a subgroup of the Upper O'otham or Upper Pima (also known as ''Pima Alto'') whose lands were known in Spanish as Pimería Alta. These groups are culturally related. They are thought to be culturally descended from the group archaeologically known as the Hohokam. The term Hohokam is a derivative of the O'otham word "Huhugam" (pronounced ''hoo-hoo-gahm'') which is literally translated as "those who have gone before" but meaning "The Ancestors". The Pima Alto or Upper Pima groups were subdivided on the basis of cultural, economic and linguistic differences into two main groupings: One was known commonly as ''Pimas'' or ''River Pimas'': * Akimel O'otham (''Akimel Au-Authm'' - "River People", oft simply called ''Pima'', lived north of and along the Gila River, the Salt River and the Santa Cruz River in Arizona) * * On'k Akimel O'odham (''On'k Akimel Au-Authm'' - "Salt River People", lived and farmed along the Salt River),Salt River Indian Reservation. * * Keli Akimel O'otham (''Keli Akimel Au-Authm'', oft simply ''Akimel O'odham'' - - "Gila River People", lived and farmed along the Gila River), Gila River Indian Community (GRIC) * Ak-Chin O'Odham (''Ak-Chin Au-Authm''),〔(Ak-Chin Indian Community - About our Community )〕 Ak-Chin Indian Community * Sobaipuri, (also simply called ''Sobas'', called by the neighboring Akimel O'odham as ''Rsársavinâ'' - "spotted"), originally lived in the valleys of the San Pedro River and Upper Santa Cruz River. In the early 18th Century they were gradually driven out of the lower San Pedro River valley, then in the middle of the century their remaining settlements along the upper San Pedro River were broken up by Arivaipa and Pinaleño Apache attacks and they sought refuge among the Tohono O'odham and Akimel O'odham to the west, with whom they became merged. The other, known commonly as ''Papagos'' or ''Desert Pimas'': Tohono O'odham Nation * Tohono O'odham ("Desert People", the neighboring Akimel O'odham called them ''Pahpah Au-Authm'' or ''Ba:bawĭkoʼa'' - "eating tepary beans", which was pronounced ''Papago'' by the Spanish, lived in the semi-arid deserts and mountains south of Tucson, Tubac and south of the Gila River)〔''Papago local groups and defensive villages, Periode 1859 - 1890.'' Underhill 1939, S. 211-234.〕 * * Kuitatk (''kúí tátk'') * * Sikorhimat (''sikol himadk'') * * Wahw Kihk (''wáw kéˑkk'') * * San Pedro (''wiwpul'') * * Tciaur (''jiawul dáhăk'') * * Anegam (''ʔáˑngam'' - "desert willow") * * Imkah (''ʔiˑmiga'') * * Tecolote (''kolóˑdi'', also ''cú´kud kúhūk'') * Hia C-eḍ O'odham ("Sand Dune People", also known by neighboring O'odham as ''Hia Tadk Ku:mdam'' - "Sand Root Crushers",〔Gary Paul Nabhan: ''Gathering the Desert'', University of Arizona Press, ISBN 978-0-8165-1014-6〕 commonly known as ''Sand Papagos'' or ''Sand Pimas'', lived west and southwest of the Tohono O'odham in the Gran Desierto de Altar of the Sonoran Desert between the Ajo Range, the Gila River, the Colorado River and the Gulf of California south into northwestern Sonora, Mexico, were known to the Tohono O'odham as ''U'uva:k'' or ''U'uv Oopad'', named after the Tinajas Altas Mountains) * * Areneños Pinacateños or Pinacateños〔both groups of the Hia C-eḍ O'odham are sometimes called because of dialect variations as ''Amargosa Areneños'' or ''Amargosa Pinacateños''〕 (lived in the Sierra Pinacate, called by the Hia C-eḍ O'Odham ''Cuk Doʼag'' in the Cabeza Prieta Mountains in Arizon and Sonora) * * Areneños (lived in the ''Gran Desierto'' around the mountains, which were home to the Areneños Pinacateños) The Akimel O'otham lived along the Gila River, Salt River, Yaqui River, and Sonora River in ranchería-style villages. The villages were set up as a loose group of houses with familial groups sharing a central ramada and kitchen area with brush olaski's (round houses) surrounding. The O'otham are matrilocal, and familial groups tended to consist of extended families. The Akimel O'otham also lived in temporary field houses seasonally, to tend their crops. The O'odham language variously called ''Oʼodham ñeʼokĭ'', ''Oʼodham ñiʼokĭ'' or ''Oʼotham ñiok'' is spoken by all O'odham groups. There are certain dialectal differences, but despite these all O'odham groups can understand one another. There are also some lexicographical differences, especially in reference to newer technologies and innovations. The economy of the Akimel O'otham was primarily dependent on subsistence, and consisted of farming, hunting and gathering, although there was extensive trading as well. Farming was dependent on an extensive irrigation system that was constructed in prehistoric times〔 and remains in use today. Over time canal systems were built and rebuilt according to the needs of the communities. The Akimel O'otham were experts in the area of textiles and produced intricate baskets as well as woven cloth. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, their primary military rival were the Apache and Yavapai, who raided their villages at times due to competition for resources, although they also established friendly relations with the Apache. Although the Akimel O'otham did have conflicts with other groups they are thought to have been primarily a peaceable people, because they never attacked Euroamerican settlers and they were most well known for their aid to immigrants. They did, however, participate in a war cult and had a well-developed battle strategy. Akimel O'otham peoples are also very resilient warriors but only fight when necessary. A specific gene in the Warrior blood allows starvation for prolonged periods of time to be tolerated.The settlement of the city of Phoenix could not have been possible, if not for the Akimel O'otham people defending against the Apache. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pima people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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